1185 – Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos is brutally put to death in Constantinople.

1309 – The First Siege of Gibraltar takes place as part of the Spanish Reconquista which sees the forces of the Kingdom of Castile against the Emirate of Granada, resulting in a Castilian victory.

1814 – In the Battle of North Point an American detachment halts the British land advance to Baltimore in the War of 1812.

1846 – English poet Elizabeth Barrett elopes with Robert Browning.

1848 – A new constitution marks the establishment of Switzerland as a federal state.

1857 – The SS Central America sinks about 160 miles east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, drowning 426 passengers and crew. The ship is carrying some 15 tons of gold from the California Gold Rush.

1910 – The first performance of Gustav Mahler’s Symphony No. 8 in Munich takes place, with a chorus of 852 singers and an orchestra of 171 players.

1915 – French soldiers rescue over 4,000 Armenian Genocide survivors stranded on Musa Dagh.

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