1284 – Many centuries before the unification of the Italian states, the Republic of Pisa is defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean.

1819 – Norwich University is founded in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States.

1890 – The electric chair is used for the first time, to execute murderer William Kemmler I New York.

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