• I was born in Lviv, Ukraine, in 1885
  • I studied at Krakow and then Bern, after which I became a journalist.
  • I helped organise the German Communists during the Spartacus uprising of 1919, and was later imprisoned as a consequence.
  • I went to the Soviet Union, where I became a leading figure in the Communist International, but my increasing distrust of extremist tactics lead many to doubt my commitment.
  • In 1927 I was charged as a Trotsky supporter, and expelled from the Russian Communist party. I was later a victim of Stalin’s show trials.

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