1298 – Residents of Riga and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the Livonian Order in the Battle of Turaida.

1495 – Fife monk, John Cor, records the first known batch of Scotch whisky.

1779 – The court-martial for malfeasance of Benedict Arnold, a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, commences.

1855 – American adventurer William Walker conquers Nicaragua, the largest country in the Central American isthmus.

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