1338 – The Battle of Arnemuiden, in which a French force defeats the English, is the first naval engagement of the Hundred Years’ War and the first battle at sea where gunpowder artillery is deployed.

1641 – The Merchant Royal, carrying over 100,000 pounds of gold, worth over £1 billion today, is lost at sea off Land’s End.

1642 – The first commencement exercises occur at Harvard College.

1806 – Lewis and Clark return to St. Louis after three years exploring the United States’ Pacific Northwest.

1846 – Astronomers Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier, John Couch Adams and Johann Gottfried Galle jointly discover Neptune.

1899 – The American Asiatic Squadron destroys a Filipino battery at the Battle of Olongapo.

1905 – Norway and Sweden sign the “Karlstad treaty”, peacefully dissolving the Union which had existed between the two countries.

1913 – French aviator Roland Garros becomes the first to fly an airplane across the Mediterranean, from St. Raphael in France to Bizerte, Tunisia.

1943 – During World War Two the Nazi puppet state known as the Italian Social Republic is established.

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