79 – Mount Vesuvius begins to stir, on the feast day of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.

476 – Odoacer, chieftain of the Germanic tribes is proclaimed rex Italiae – King of Italy – by his troops.

1514 – The Battle of Chaldiran ends with a decisive victory for the Sultan Selim I, Ottoman Empire, over the Shah Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty.

1839 – The United Kingdom captures Hong Kong as a base as it prepares for the First Opium War with Qing China.

1898 – The Southern Cross Expedition, the first British venture of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, leaves London.

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