1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence meet in the Battle of Cascina. The wars between Italy’s states will essentially not end until the mid 19th century unification of the country.

1655 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French soldier, dramatist and writer, renowned for the size of his nose, dies.

1794 – During the French Revolution, Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are guillotined in Paris.

1808 – Mahmud II becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.

1866 – Aged 18, Vinnie Ream becomes the first and youngest female artist to be given a commission from the United States government for a statue. This is of 16th US president Abraham Lincoln.

1939 – The Sutton Hoo helmet is discovered in Suffolk England. A decorated and ornate Anglo-Saxon helmet, it was buried around 625 and believed to have belonged to King Rædwald of East Anglia.

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